45-70 vs. 450 Marlin: A Head-to-Head Comparison

The debate between the 45-70 Government and the 450 Marlin is a long-standing one among big-bore rifle enthusiasts. Both cartridges are designed for taking down large game, but they differ in their design, performance, and intended use. This article provides a comprehensive comparison of the 45-70 and the 450 Marlin, helping you decide which cartridge is right for your needs.

A Brief History

45-70 Government: Introduced in 1873, the 45-70 was originally designed for the U.S. military’s Springfield Model 1873 rifle. The name ’45-70′ refers to a .45 caliber bullet propelled by 70 grains of black powder. Over time, it became a popular sporting cartridge, renowned for its stopping power against large game like deer, elk, and even bear. Its legacy is deeply rooted in American hunting history.

450 Marlin: Developed by Marlin Firearms and Hornady in 2000, the 450 Marlin was intended as a modern alternative to the 45-70. It offers similar performance in a lever-action rifle, but with higher velocity and energy. The cartridge was designed with a slightly wider belt to prevent it from being chambered in older, weaker 45-70 rifles, ensuring safety.

Cartridge Design and Specifications

45-70 Government

• Bullet Diameter: .458 inches
• Case Length: 2.105 inches
• Overall Length: 2.550 inches
• Typical Bullet Weights: 300-500 grains
• Case Type: Straight-walled

450 Marlin

• Bullet Diameter: .458 inches
• Case Length: 2.100 inches
• Overall Length: 2.550 inches
• Typical Bullet Weights: 325-350 grains
• Case Type: Belted, Straight-walled

Both cartridges use the same bullet diameter (.458 inches), but the 450 Marlin features a belted case for increased strength and to prevent chambering in 45-70 rifles. The case length and overall length are very similar, making them comparable in size.

Ballistics and Performance

Comparing the ballistics of the 45-70 and 450 Marlin reveals some key differences. The 450 Marlin generally offers higher velocities and flatter trajectories, resulting in greater energy at longer ranges. However, the 45-70 has a wider range of available bullet weights and can be loaded to lower pressures for comfortable shooting or higher pressures for increased power in modern rifles.

Velocity and Energy

45-70: A typical 325-grain bullet can achieve velocities around 2,000 fps with energy levels around 2,900 ft-lbs. Heavier bullets, like 405-grain or 500-grain projectiles, will have lower velocities but deliver substantial energy at close ranges.

450 Marlin: A 325-grain bullet can reach velocities of around 2,200 fps, producing energy levels exceeding 3,500 ft-lbs. This higher velocity translates to a flatter trajectory and greater effective range.

Trajectory

Due to its higher velocity, the 450 Marlin has a flatter trajectory than the 45-70. This means less holdover is required at longer distances, making it easier to achieve accurate shots. The 45-70, with its slower velocities, requires more significant holdover, especially beyond 150 yards.

Recoil

Recoil is a crucial factor to consider when choosing between these cartridges. Both the 45-70 and 450 Marlin produce significant recoil, but the 450 Marlin generally has a sharper recoil due to its higher velocities. The 45-70 can be loaded to lower pressures, resulting in more manageable recoil for some shooters.

Rifle Availability

Both the 45-70 and 450 Marlin are chambered in various rifles, primarily lever-action models. However, the 45-70 has a wider range of rifle options available, including single-shot rifles, bolt-action rifles, and even some modern sporting rifles.

45-70 Rifles

• Marlin 1895
• Henry Repeating Arms
• Winchester 1886
• Ruger No. 1

450 Marlin Rifles

• Marlin 1895M
• Guide Gun variants

While the 450 Marlin was initially designed for Marlin lever-action rifles, its availability is somewhat limited compared to the 45-70. The 45-70’s historical significance and versatility have led to its chambering in a broader range of firearms.

Intended Use

Both the 45-70 and 450 Marlin are primarily used for hunting large game. However, their suitability for different types of hunting may vary based on their ballistic characteristics and rifle availability.

Hunting Applications

45-70: Well-suited for hunting deer, elk, moose, and bear at moderate ranges (within 200 yards). Its versatility allows for a wide range of bullet weights and velocities, making it adaptable to different hunting scenarios. The 45-70 is also popular for hunting in thick brush, where shorter-range shots are common.

450 Marlin: Best suited for hunting larger game at slightly longer ranges (up to 250 yards). Its flatter trajectory and higher energy levels make it a good choice for open country hunting where longer shots are possible. The 450 Marlin is particularly effective on elk, moose, and bear.

Other Uses

The 45-70 has historical significance and is sometimes used in cowboy action shooting and historical reenactments. Its versatility also makes it suitable for recreational shooting and handloading.

Ammunition Availability and Cost

The 45-70 is generally more readily available and often less expensive than the 450 Marlin. This is due to its longer history and wider popularity. Both cartridges are available from major ammunition manufacturers, but the selection of 45-70 ammunition is typically broader.

Ammunition Cost Comparison

Expect to pay slightly more per round for 450 Marlin ammunition compared to 45-70. The exact cost will depend on the manufacturer, bullet weight, and retailer.

Pros and Cons

45-70 Government

Pros:

• Wider range of rifle options
• More readily available ammunition
• Versatile; can be loaded to various power levels
• Historical significance

Cons:

• More significant trajectory drop at longer ranges
• Lower velocities compared to 450 Marlin

450 Marlin

Pros:

• Flatter trajectory
• Higher velocities and energy
• Designed for modern lever-action rifles

Cons:

• Limited rifle options
• Less readily available ammunition
• Generally more expensive ammunition
• Sharper recoil

Conclusion

Choosing between the 45-70 and the 450 Marlin depends on your specific hunting needs and preferences. The 45-70 offers versatility, a wider range of rifle options, and more readily available ammunition. It’s a great choice for hunters who appreciate its historical significance and versatility. The 450 Marlin, on the other hand, provides higher velocities and a flatter trajectory, making it suitable for longer-range shots and larger game. Ultimately, both are capable cartridges for taking down big game. Consider your typical hunting distances, preferred rifle type, and ammunition availability when making your decision. Both the 45-70 and the 450 Marlin are effective tools when used within their intended ranges and capabilities. The key is to understand their strengths and limitations to make an informed choice.

For those seeking a cartridge with a proven track record and a wide range of available rifles, the 45-70 remains an excellent choice. Its versatility and historical significance make it a favorite among many hunters. Conversely, if you prioritize higher velocities and a flatter trajectory in a modern lever-action rifle, the 450 Marlin may be the better option. Both cartridges are powerful and capable, but understanding their nuances will help you select the one that best suits your needs. The decision between the 45-70 and the 450 Marlin ultimately comes down to personal preference and the specific demands of your hunting environment.

[See also: Best Lever Action Rifles for Hunting]
[See also: Handloading for Big Game]
[See also: Understanding Cartridge Ballistics]